Date command linux hour. In this article, I am going to .

Date command linux hour. Jul 24, 2023 · The timedatectl command is flexible enough to meet all your RHEL 8 date and time configuration needs. It useful for getting a formatted date. Feb 27, 2007 · Formatting date in linux for in custom format: Explains how to use and format the date command on Linux or Unix shell scripts to display custom date/time. Aug 18, 2020 · Explains how to add or subtract days using date command calculation on Linux, Unix, and macOS/*BSD operating system command line. date command - is available for all the Linux distributions & is used to change the date in Linux systems. However, it has several useful options that enhance it. For more info see date command man page by typing the following date command or GNU/date help page here: $ man date 🥺 Was this helpful? Please add a comment to show your appreciation or feedback. txt and then calculate how much time has already passed compared to the time now of the result of the hour folder. View the current time To see the time on a Debian GNU/Linux system, use the command date without arguments. Three routes are mentioned: through the System Settings panel, via command terminal console commands, or using the Dconf Editor. sh real 394m30. May 2, 2020 · I need to have the RUNTIME adjusted to 3 hours earlier than the current time. AUTHOR top Written by David MacKenzie. Sep 1, 2023 · In some rare cases, you may want to set a different time and date in Ubuntu command line. The problem the usually becomes transforming a date/time into this format. To see the time in the UTC timezone, use the command date --utc (or its shorthand, date -u). “Date Command in Linux” is published by Riddhi Jani. More than just a way to check the current time, date is a powerful tool for working with dates and times in your Bash scripts. In this tutorial, we’ll take a closer look at the date utility and learn its common usage. It allows users to display and set the system's date and time. It also provides several formatting options. By default, the date command prints the current date of the Linux system. 04 to display the time in a 24-hour format in the shell? Dec 12, 2022 · In this tutorial, I go through the basics of using the date command on a Linux-based distribution. Nov 9, 2011 · How to have Linux ls command show second in time stamp Ask Question Asked 13 years, 10 months ago Modified 2 years, 5 months ago Sep 23, 2021 · In this article we will explore date command and it’s various options. Sep 4, 2023 · Here are several ways to get the current date and time in Ubuntu command line. there's this way: local $ ssh user@servername Welcome to server! server $ date Fri Feb 18 11:27:50 EST 2011 But I need more accura I'm trying to execute a command and would like to put the date and time in the output file name. I'm not sure how I should go about doing this. Apr 16, 2013 · In order to get 1 day back date using date command: date -v -1d It will give (current date -1) means 1 day before . Oct 27, 2010 · H ow do I get the system time in BASH? How can I get the Linux system using bash shell? You can use the date command to display and/or set the Linux or UNIX-like system date and time. Being a part of the core utilities in Linux and Unix-like operating systems, it makes it an essential command for system configuration and scripting. See full list on cyberciti. Sep 30, 2024 · In the Linux operating system, accurately managing time is crucial for various tasks, such as scheduling events, maintaining system logs, and ensuring synchronized operations across multiple systems. I mostly start up my system in text (console) mode and need the command to know the current date/time. Dating back to the 1970s, this command was designed to provide a flexible way to display and manipulate time information—a critical function for any operating system. , only the current time. $ date Mon Sep 3 00:56:17 PDT 2012 $ The format for the output is: day of the week, month, day of the month, 24 hour time, time zone, year. You must be the super-user (root) to change the date and time on Unix like operating systems. interface clock-format '24h' The date command in Unix primarily displays or sets the date and time. It fetches the date and time from the kernel clock, and modifying the date and time also updates the kernel clock. May 21, 2025 · The date command has been a core component of Unix and Linux systems since their early days. gnome. Enhance your Linux skills today! Mar 8, 2023 · Keep track of time on Linux by configuring the system date and time using the timedatectl command. How can I get it in 12Hr format? Apr 18, 2024 · To print the current time in Bash, use the command: echo $(date +%T) Printing current time is useful for logging purposes, timing operations as well as displaying real-time information. By default, it will print the date in the following format:. The first way is to use the date command. Can anyone please help me with this? Thank you!! May 11, 2020 · I've installed Ubuntu server 20. date --date 'now + 60 minutes' Mon Oct 31 09:45:46 IST 2022 Currently I am getting the output in 24Hr format. The command returns the current system date and time in the default format. Is there a command line ut Manual Page for dateDATE(1) User Commands DATE(1) NAME date - print or set the system date and time SYNOPSIS date [OPTION] [+FORMAT] date [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][. date is used to set or view the system date and time. Linux date command basic usage Without using any other format specifier, this command prints Jun 9, 2015 · How can I get current date/time in terminal. 03) using the 'date' command. txt and reporting 15 minutes ago or 2 hours ago based on the actual time now. I get different results if I specify a date vs if I don't. Also, for the minute value, we can use the %M option. Mar 18, 2024 · In this tutorial, we’ll explore various ways to add a clock to shell prompts. Learn how to format, set, and convert dates and time efficiently on Linux systems. : 13:45 or 1:45pm Any ideas? Dec 24, 2014 · I'd like to have a time, say 6:45am, and add an amount of hours, say 1. In this guide, you have learned the Linux time command, its purpose, syntax, and output. The possibilities here are endless. Dec 8, 2019 · I am trying to add 5 hours to a date & time in Linux (Ubuntu 18. It's also capable of giving you practical information about past or future dates. Using the date command with proper format specifiers one can display the time in various formats such as hours, minutes, and seconds, either in 24-hour or 12-hour clock notation. Feb 8, 2024 · The timedatectl command allows you to query and change the date, time, and timezone or enable automatic system clock synchronization with a remote NTP server. FORMAT controls the output. Step 1: Identify Current Date Format Before making any changes, it's essential to identify your current time format. This command allows you to view and change the system time and […] Jun 1, 2025 · Linux date command help and information with date examples, syntax, related commands, and how to use the date command from the command line. May 9, 2011 · The following command works on recent versions of GNU date: date -d '1 hour ago' "+%m/%d/%Y -%H:%M:%S" Apr 26, 2025 · In the world of Linux, the date command is an essential tool for managing and manipulating system dates and times. The second way is to use the timedatectl command. I could not find the command to change my time format from 12 hour to 24 hour. 04, and I can't find a way to display the time format to 24 hours when I use the command 'date' in the shell. I got close using the following command: echo $ (date +%x_%r) This r May 16, 2024 · Linux date command displays and sets the system date and time. May 26, 2025 · The time command in Linux is an excellent tool for checking the execution time and overall performance of a particular process. Sep 27, 2024 · If you spend much time working in the Linux command line, you‘ll quickly encounter the date command. So this would mainly involve editing H, but also D since the day could shift back during the first couple hours of the current day. Aug 23, 2021 · Learn to use the Linux time command to measure command execution duration, with both basic and advanced examples. It provides a wide range of functionalities, from displaying the current date and time to setting system date/time and formatting output in various ways. Finally, we’ll Learn how to use the date command to display and set the system date and time, format dates, convert between time zones, and perform date calculations in Linux. In addition to Bash, we’ll also learn how to create a live clock for the Zsh prompt without relying on any external plugins. The command provides various options to display the date in different formats, convert between time formats, and manipulate time zones. The time format change applies to the desktop and can be utilized in documents… Aug 23, 2023 · @gleen would be the 14:15:05 time stamp that is saved in an hour folder. -d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING Learn how to use the date command in Linux with practical examples. %m. Along with the list, I will show you a few examples to demonstrate how to use a date format in to achieve the desired result. You can use the same command set date and time. Jan 18, 2024 · The date command in Bash offers multiple different formats for printing dates in different ways. My desired format is: dd/mm/yyyy hh:mm:ss:ms in Unix or Linux. Is there a simple way to do it? E. We’ll begin with Bash and implement a basic clock that updates interactively. It is most commonly used to print the date and time in different formats and calculate future and past dates. It uses the system default time zone to display the time. Here I have listed some of the date command options which one can use to have various outputs. Jul 17, 2025 · 📌 Introduction Keeping the correct time on a Linux system is essential for logging, system tasks (cron), authentication, backups, and more. The date command is used to print the date in a specified format. The date command will print the date based on the /etc/localtime file. What is the command for getting date and time in a Linux terminal? Is there a way in which we can set a custom function? That sub-command is doing this, calculating the number of days (seconds/86400), then using the date command in another sub-command $(date -d ), to generate the hours, minutes, and seconds for a given number of seconds. Mar 8, 2017 · I have Linux ( RH 5. Jun 14, 2012 · There are no trailing zeroes in your example (well, unless you count the 0 in the 10 minutes past the hour, but removing that changes meaning of the timestamp). Setting the time manually When setting the system time manually using date directly, the required While working on the Linux command line, you might find yourself in situations where-in you need to display (or even change) the current system time. The date string format is more complex than is easily documented here but is fully described in the info documentation. 2. Oct 31, 2022 · 1 I am using the date command in my script to get both date & time by adding some minutes. This command is essential for managing and synchronizing system clocks and for logging and tracking The date command in Linux is a powerful tool that allows you to display the current date and time. sh explores how to handle and manipulate dates and times in Bash scripting, crucial for task automation, scheduling, and event logging. In this article, I am going to Jan 14, 2021 · The date command is simple. 04 system. Jul 28, 2025 · The date command in Linux allows the user to display the current date and time in a variety of formats and set the system date and time. Format dates, set system time, and explore useful options to manage date settings. Here we will be modifying the LC_TIME parameter within locale files. " The 'at' command provides users with the ability to schedule tasks to be executed at a later time, offering a convenient way to automate processes without manual intervention. %d %H:%M will give me 2011. The date command allows displaying, setting, and formatting dates and times in Linux and UNIX-like systems. To do so, you need to understand the following two terms I have to check the time in a Linux terminal. This is a basic way to use the ‘date’ command in Linux, but there’s much more to learn about manipulating and formatting date and time. I see how to query a relative time or date with the -d flag, but cannot see how to get the output of date to include words like "yesterday", "3 days ago" etc It allows us to change/view the system clock. This blog post will provide a comprehensive guide to Linux date format examples, covering fundamental concepts, usage methods, common practices A date string may contain items indicating calendar date, time of day, time zone, day of week, relative time, relative date, and numbers. Sep 16, 2016 · To display the current date and time along with detailed information about the configuration of the system and hardware clock, run the timedatectl command with no additional command line options: Jun 7, 2021 · The date command is a command-line utility for displaying or setting date and time in the Linux system. date This subchapter looks at date, a UNIX (and Linux) command. Dec 17, 2022 · Linux and Unix time command examples to measure the time required to run a program or script and print system resource usage. It will show system time respecting the currently defined timezone. formatted output Feb 22, 2011 · How can I display the current time configuration, like the time zone, in Ubuntu? I want to know the time on a server accurate to the millisecond. If want to print the current time + 1 hour, what option should I give? Aug 25, 2025 · The date command is one of the most fundamental utilities in Linux systems, allowing users to display and manipulate system date and time information. I guess for starters, how do I Mar 5, 2018 · I was looking for a way to have the time actually update while the script was running in bash to prevent stompage on files I was updating more than once (yes yes) and still have it simply be "assigned" to a variable. Interpreted sequences are: %Y year %m month (01. $ date The date is echoed in the terminal window as shown in the following screenshot. Jun 1, 2019 · The date command displays or sets the system date. Oct 17, 2023 · Use date command in linux with our step-by-step tutorial. Dec 15, 2021 · Everything about date command using practical examples - alarm clock, unique name generation, convert unix timestamp, different time zones. This article provides you with an extensive list of all the available formatting options while using the date command. This powerful command underpins many scripting tasks that deal with schedules, log files, data processing, and more. Used without any options, this command prints the current time: By default, this command shows the time in local time. Jul 20, 2025 · The date command on Linux can be used to see the current date and time, but we can also use addition and subtraction arithmetic with the command to extend its functionality. I am in a learning phase. For example, instead of seeing the current date, we can see the date and time from five days ago, five years in the future, etc. This command displays the current date and time in human-readable format. So I'd like to add 1. This guide aims to delve deep into the date command, exploring Jul 14, 2023 · Date command is an external bash program that allows to set or display system date and time. Whether you need […] Nov 7, 2014 · I would want to get the date and time from another time zone (UTC-4) with a bash command, but I don't want to configure it as the default TZ for the system. Next, we’ll write a simple Bash script that renders a live clock inside the terminal. May 27, 2025 · The date command on Linux can do more than display the current date and time. How to format the date and time to your needs. Apr 19, 2025 · Discover the versatility of the date command in Linux, from displaying the current date to converting timestamps and setting system date. First, open the terminal application or login over ssh session and type the command at bash prompt. Otherwise, please specify your environment (userland tools are Mar 18, 2024 · In particular, we can use the %k option with the date command to obtain the hour value in the 24-hour clock notation. Linux date – Display Date & Time If you do not provide any arguments to the date command, system date and time is displayed. An empty string indicates the beginning of the day. Oct 17, 2019 · Tutorial on how to set the date and time on Linux servers easily, using timedatectl, chrony, NTP or the date command on Linux. Similarly below written code can be used in place of d to find out year,month etc y-Year, m-Month w-Week d-Day H-Hour M-Minute S-Second Nov 6, 2017 · Linux time command will produce the output in minute and second format. See the date manual page. Jan 10, 2024 · There are a few different ways to check the time on your Linux machine. 22 10:19 The "time" command in Linux is a process timer and does not display the system time. e. Jul 14, 2018 · What is the command to update time and date from Internet? Is there any application that allows me to do so from its user interface rather than from the shell? I tried using $(date) in my bash shell script, however, I want the date in YYYY-MM-DD format. Though counterintuitive, the Linux "date" command displays the time, as well as the date, on a Linux box. date man page. For Jul 23, 2025 · In the Linux operating system, the `date` command is a powerful tool that allows users to display and set the system's date and time. It is easy to memorize and implement making your date and time associated system tasks manageable. When invoked without arguments, it prints the current date and time in a default format. That can be useful in sorting and/or graphing /or comparing data by date. g. # date Fri Apr 5 09:32:38 CDT 2019 To display current system date and time with UTC format. By mastering the date command and its many options, you can add professional date handling to your scripts and automate all sorts of time-based tasks. 29?) causes the date command to start printing times in 12-hour format: $ date Fri 23 Aug 2019 07:34:13 PM PDT This is for my default locale $ cat /etc/locale. Overview When we work in the Linux command-line or write shell scripts, we often need to handle date and time values, such as outputting a date in our required formats, getting a relative date-time, or changing the system date and time. Aug 20, 2012 · I need to display date and time in desired format in Unix/ Linux. Unlock its potential with this concise guide. 12) %d day of month (e. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Aug 30, 2012 · How can I convert seconds to hours, minutes and seconds? show_time() { ????? } show_time 36 # 00:00:36 show_time 1036 # 00:17:26 show_time 91925 # 25:32:05 Explore the Linux date command and learn how to display, format, and manipulate date and time information on your system. $ date --set='+2 minutes' Print the date as an ISO 8601 compliant date/time string: $ date -I To convert a date string to the number of seconds since the epoch 1970-01-01 00:00:00 GMT (Unix time), use the '--date' option with the '%s' format. Setting up cron jobs, reviewing logs, analyzing usage patterns – all of these critical activities require precision when dealing with when events occur. If you want to display the time in UTC, use the -u option: To set the software clock to a specific time, you need to specify a month, a day, an hour, and a minute at a minimum (in two-digit codes – MMDDhhmm). Jan 4, 2023 · To get the current time in hours and minutes in Linux bash, you can use the date command and specify the %H and %M format options to print the hour and minute respectively. Mar 19, 2025 · Learn how to easily obtain the current date and time on your Linux system with our step-by-step guide. It covers the usage of the `date` command for formatting and calculations, and introduces `dateutils` for advanced manipulations. Jul 25, 2024 · 1. I check the locale information with an Ubuntu server 18 Apr 5, 2024 · Explains how to display date and time using command line and GUI tools under any Linux distribution with date and timedatectl. To get current hour in Bash script, use date command with the format that outputs only the hour value. Linux date command Linux date command displays or sets the system date and time. Basic Discover the power of the bash date command to effortlessly manipulate and display date and time. 129s sys Aug 30, 2021 · Explore Linux date command usage with examples. Dec 11, 2023 · In this example, we’ve used the ‘date’ command without any options or arguments. This command also allows users to print the time in different formats and calculate future and past dates. 3) machine I need to add/calculate 10 days plus date so then I will get new date (expiration date)) for example # date Sun Sep 11 07:59:16 IST 2012 So I need to get Mar 4, 2020 · Linux date command is used to display the system date and time. biz Nov 8, 2023 · The date command is found in the Bash shell, which is the default shell in most Linux distributions and even macOS. I want it to show the seconds to the next full hour. Whether you're a system administrator scheduling tasks, a developer logging events, or just a curious Linux user, understanding the `date` command is essential. desktop. The guide provides installation instructions across different Linux distributions and Oct 20, 2019 · Learn how to change, set and display the date and time on the Linux command line. To check current system date and time. Whether you need to run a script, execute a command, or perform a system task at a specific time, the 'at' command provides Mar 13, 2024 · When you type the date command the system shows the current date in the default format. To compare with 2011-11-04 (my birthday), date '+%s' -d 2011-11-04, yielding 1320361200. A date string may contain items indicating calendar date, time of day, time zone, day of week, relative time, relative date, and numbers. For easy configuration, use the timedatectl command or the Ubuntu GUI. 59) %S Dec 22, 2014 · How do I find the seconds to the next hour using date? I know I can do date -d "next hour" but that just adds 1 hour to the present time. [donotprint] May 18, 2025 · This Linux set date guide will walk you through different methods for setting the date and time on Linux. Oct 30, 2024 · Learn how to set the time, date, and timezone in Ubuntu. log The date t Apr 5, 2019 · 1) How To Check Current Date, Time And Timezone Information In Linux? Use the following commands to check the current date, time and timezone information in Linux systems. A compilation of Linux man pages for all commands in HTML. Dec 17, 2024 · The date command is a versatile command-line utility available on GNU/Linux systems and other Unix-like operating systems. Here's how to do that. This guide equips you with essential techniques for effective date and time management in a command-line environment. It is primarily used to display and set the system’s date and time. 12) %M minute (00. Feb 7, 2025 · Conclusion You learned how to display the current date and time on Linux and Unix-like systems. Sep 1, 2018 · The date command in Linux is a versatile utility used to display or set the system date and time. It is used to print the date, time in various formats, as well as to calculate future. /script. Jan 18, 2024 · This Bash script captures the current hour, minute, second and millisecond from the system’s time using the date command. We also explained how to store date or time in a shell variable. Dec 3, 2009 · How would you parse a date in bash, with separate fields (years, months, days, hours, minutes, seconds) into different variables? The date format is: YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss Learn how to perform date calculations, format system time, and manipulate dates using Linux date command with practical examples and methods. Here is a sample command I'd like to run. hwclock command – is used for accessing the hardware clock of the system& is used for displaying time from the hardware clock Recommended Read: 5 ways to add or change hostname in CentOS 7 Feb 22, 2011 · Is there any way I can get the current 15 minute interval using the date command or similar ? e. In this guide Sep 27, 2024 · How can I configure the date command in Ubuntu Server 20. 23) %I hour (01. Dec 27, 2023 · As a Linux system administrator, working with dates and times is a daily task. It prints out each of these components separately using the echo command. Nov 30, 2023 · The date command in Linux is a versatile utility used to display, set, or manipulate the system’s date and time information from the command line. It allows users to view the current date and time, change the date and time, and format the output to suit their needs. Jan 19, 2023 · The article provides a detailed guide on how to change the system clock format either to 12-hour or 24-hour in Ubuntu Linux. This tutorial shows you how to master date on the command line and how you can use it in shell scripts to do more than simply print the time. May 22, 2018 · To run the following commands, first install the dconf-editor package: sudo apt install dconf-editor Then run this command, to switch to 12-hour mode: gsettings set org. To demonstrate the examples below I have used an Ubuntu 20. I like that format how it is just with the exception of the hour being a 12h format. In this comprehensive guide, we will dig deep into all aspects of date usage and best practices in Bash. g 1 ( Jul 15, 2025 · In the world of Linux operating systems, there exists a powerful tool known as the "at command. I am trying to display only the current time using "date", not all that information Day, Month, Year etc. Fortunately, Linux provides several methods to change and adjust the system time. AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie This Linux tutorial explains how to use the Linux date command with syntax and arguments. ss]] DESCRIPTION Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date. 45 hours to 6:45am to get another time. , 01) %H hour (00. Whether you’re a system administrator managing servers or a developer working with timestamps, understanding the date command is essential for effective Linux system management. something like date %Y. Feb 7, 2025 · H ow do I view and set date under UNIX operating systems? How do I see the current time/date on Unix based server? The date command under UNIX displays date and time. This article shows you some of the format controls to manipulate the date command's output. Thankfully, Linux provides the flexible date command for easily displaying, formatting, and converting dates and times right from terminal. 04. The script retrieves the hour in 12-hour format (%I), the minute (%M), the second (%S) and milliseconds (%3N) and displays them as individual pieces of information. Sep 25, 2012 · Just check if the current hour of the day is between 8 and 5 - since you're using round numbers, you don't even have to muck around with minutes: hour=$(date +%H) Feb 24, 2013 · I'm trying to write a shell script that displays the time in am or pm rather than the way it is shown using date command. May 13, 2017 · Is there any way to display a date/time using this sort of user-friendly output format? I've looked at man date, but cannot find anything about outputting a date in this sort of format. 02. Dec 17, 2020 · The line declare -i hour=$(date +%k) specifies that the variable hour is to be treated as an arithmetic integer and assigns the current hour (0-23) to it with no leading zero. Other programs are all using the 12 hour clock, and that's what I see when I type "date" into the terminal. Working Aug 5, 2020 · The clock on the panel is 24 hour, but my system time is still 12 hour. Is it possible to change it to hour format? [user@Linux ~]$ time . In this post, we'll cover: How to view and change system time Tools like date, timedatectl, and hwclock What NTP is and how to configure it Important packages: chrony, ntp, and systemd-timesyncd Date/time formats and timezone handling 🗓️ 1. 45 hours, to result in another time. Example 1: I want to add 5 hours Currently the "date" command on my machine outputs: Mon 13 Apr 2020 11:56:02 AM EDT. The date command shows the date and time read from the kernel clock. To extract the current time from the date command, you can use the following syntax: Aug 24, 2019 · Apparently a recent change (in Glibc 2. We can also print the past date, future date or set the date manually. In this guide, we learn how to change the default date format. 145s user 388m20. Apr 22, 2013 · In linux, date can help me to print the current time. Mar 23, 2016 · I used the date command and time format listed below to successfully set the date from the terminal shell command performed on Android Things which uses the Linux Kernal. interface clock-format '12h' If you ever want to revert to 24-hour mode, you can do so by running: gsettings set org. Continue reading for more detailed information and advanced usage examples. How do I get this? Dec 10, 2018 · When performing time arithmetic with date, use a timezone-independent format (like Unix time) or read very carefully the documentation to know how to properly use this command. At the end of the article, I offer some practical suggestions about how you can use this command in conjunction with common tasks. This blog post will delve into the fundamental concepts Apr 26, 2025 · The `date` command returns the current date and time in a specific format, but you can also use a custom format string to get the date and time in any format In this article, we will explore how to get the current date and time in a Bash script. For example, it can provide dates in the past and future and adjust the date output to suit your need for details. Apr 17, 2013 · Learn to use the 'date' command in Linux to display or set system time and date, with options for format customization. . Whether you need to set the time manually, synchronize it with a time server, or tweak […] Jan 1, 2001 · Convert Unix Timestamps (and many other date formats) to regular dates. In a shell environment/script you can get it with date '+%s' At the time of writing, the current time is 1321358027. This comprehensive blog post from LinuxBash. date -v +1d This will give (current date +1) means 1 day after. md5sum /etc/mtab > 2016_4_25_10_30_AM. In the vast landscape of Linux commands, the `date` command stands out as a simple yet incredibly useful tool. Mar 7, 2023 · Date Command in Linux is very extensive and dynamic, provides very rich date formatting and is greatly customizable for working with scripts which depend on time based invocations. Feb 16, 2023 · Conclusion The "date" command in Linux is a useful tool for displaying and manipulating the current system date and time. In this article, I will show you 12 examples of how to best use the date command on Linux. Understanding different date formats is crucial for various tasks, such as logging, scheduling, and data processing. I take it you mean leading zeroes (zeroes at the beginning of each date component), in which case if you are using a GNU userland @j883376's answer will likely be useful. Oct 27, 2019 · date command allows to print or set the system date and time. i. rkcv fhryp bxqx vkfm qimsp ewear icclc jgjulx fxudj cext